According to Ammianus, this is how Valens perished (XXXI.13.146). It is noteworthy that Ariadne chose Anastasius over Zeno's brother Longinus,[3] who was arguably the more logical choice; this upset the Isaurians. Dkoros, "two-pupiled"). [21] The emperor died on 17 February according to the Latin historian Eutropius, but on the 19 February according to the According to Eutropius, Jovian was deified by consecratio as Latin: Divus Iovianus, lit. The Batavi were an ancient Germanic tribe that lived around the modern Dutch Rhine delta in the area that the Romans called Batavia, from the second half of the first century BC to the third century AD.The name is also applied to several military units employed by the Romans that were originally raised among the Batavi. His father was Paul.He had one brother, Peter, and two sisters, Theoctista and Gordia, the latter of whom was later the wife of the general Philippicus. [54] By 378, Valens himself was ready to march west from his eastern base in Antioch. A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus. [45] Valens agreed and sent Pap back to Armenia, but as these events took place during the war with the Goths he could not support him militarily. It is considered an important interval, marking the transition from the Julio-Claudians, the first imperial dynasty, to the Flavian dynasty.The period witnessed several rebellions and claimants, with shifting Let Syria, Asia Minor, and the East, habituated as it is to despotism, submit to slavery Freedom is a gift bestowed by nature even on the dumb animals. However, Sabinus was killed by the Praetorians before he could take the throne. The year 70 started with the odds favoring the rebels. Isaac appealed to the populace, and a tumult arose that spread rapidly over the whole city. He believed that the nephew who sat on the couch with the message would be his heir. He was notably supported by Otho, legate of Lusitania. The Roman army was beaten and the legions forced to retreat to their base camp of Castra Vetera (modern Xanten). Anastasius was a Miaphysite and his personal religious tendencies caused tensions throughout his reign in the Empire which was becoming increasingly divided along religious lines. The church historian Socrates likewise gives two accounts for the death of Valens. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Socrates Scholasticus, while serving as a protector domesticus, Valens refused pressure to offer pagan sacrifices during the reign of the polytheistic emperor Julian. Here, the wife of Philip of Swabia is said to be the daughter of Isaac and Irene (there is reference to the following article: R. Hiestand, Die erste Ehe Isaaks II. [6] In 1185, the Empire lost Lefkada, Kefallonia, and Zakynthos to the Normans. This violated his agreement with the Patriarch of Constantinople and precipitated riots in Chalcedon. Returning from foraging to find the battle in full swing, Gothic cavalry under the command of Alatheus and Saphrax now struck and, in what was probably the most decisive event of the battle, the Roman cavalry fled. He converted his home city, Dyrrachium, into one of the most fortified cities on the Adriatic with the construction of Durrs Castle. Theodosius II (Greek: , translit. The origin of the cognomen Galba is uncertain. Valens's first priority after the winter of 365 was to move east in hopes of shoring up the situation. When Nero castrated a boy named Sporus and married him as a wife, Suetonius quoted one Roman who lived around this time who remarked that the world would have been better off if Nero's father had married someone more like the castrated boy. [17][16][22], He was acclaimed augustus on 26 February, 364. [5] Reportedly, Galba was distantly related to Livia[6] to whom he had much respect and in turn by whom he was advanced in his career; in her will she left him fifty million sesterces; Emperor Tiberius however cheated Galba by reducing the amount to five hundred thousand sesterces and never even paid Galba the reduced amount. The hut was surrounded by the Goths who put it to the torch, evidently unaware of the prize within. In the second account, Ammianus states the Roman infantry was abandoned, surrounded and cut to pieces. [4][5] It is considered an important interval, marking the transition from the Julio-Claudians, the first imperial dynasty, to the Flavian dynasty.The period witnessed several rebellions and claimants, with shifting Angered by this disgrace, Otho murdered Galba on 15 January with the help of the Praetorian Guard, and became emperor instead. The son of a peasant, Michael worked as a money changer until he was found a job at court by his brother John the Orphanotrophos.He caught the eye of the empress Zo Although Valens is described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall "utterly undistinguished", he was also a conscientious and capable administrator,[11] and a notable achievement of his was to significantly relieve the burden of taxation on the population. He was a native of Dacia Aureliana near historic Thrace.He is sometimes surnamed with the epithet "the Great" (Latin: Magnus; Greek: ), probably to distinguish him from his young grandson and co [16] Galba also refused to pay the Praetorians the money promised by Nymphidius for overthrowing Nero. Their land, in spite of potentially fertile alluvial deposits, was largely uncultivable, consisting mainly of Rhine delta swamps. [35], A 40-nummi coin of Anastasius is depicted on the obverse of North Macedonia's 50 denar banknote, issued in 1996. Suetonius offers a number of possible explanations; the first member of the gens Sulpicia to bear the name might have gotten the name from the term galba, which the Romans used to describe the Gauls, or after an insect called galbae. However, it would mean hiring them and paying in gold or silver for their services. Moreover, at the beginning of the civil year of 69 on 1 January, the legions of Germania Inferior refused to swear allegiance and obedience to Galba. [1][20], The Emperor was a convinced Miaphysite, following the teachings of Cyril of Alexandria and Severus of Antioch who taught "One Incarnate Nature of Christ" in an undivided union of the Divine and human natures. [22], The late augustus Valentinian's body arrived in Constantinople on 28 December 376, but was not yet buried. What was left of the army of Valens was led from the field under the cover of night by comes Richomeres and general Victor. In January 1186, Isaac himself married Margaret of Hungary (renamed Maria), daughter of King Bla III. The Danube army was now very near Rome. Theodosios; 10 April 401 28 July 450) was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408. Shortly afterwards Galba, in rebellion against Nero, rejected the title "General of Caesar" in favor of "General of The Senate and People of Rome". On the following day, the legions acclaimed their governor Vitellius as emperor. He nominated Quintus Petillius Cerialis, a close relative and experienced general, as commander of the avenging force. The Batavian capital of Nijmegen was destroyed and its inhabitants ordered to rebuild it a few kilometers downstream, in a defenseless position. A third, apocryphal, account states that Valens was struck in the face by a Gothic dart and then perished while leading a charge. [33] Anastasius is often cited for his "prudent management" of the empire's finances. They were therefore excellent soldier-material. Isaac II Angelos strengthened his position as emperor with dynastic marriages in 1185 and 1186. Battles for succession to rule the Roman Empire (AD 69), Vindex's revolt and fall of Nero (MarchJune 68), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Five maps covering the Year of Four Emperors at Omniatlas, Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Year_of_the_Four_Emperors&oldid=1121728046, Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Africa, Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia, Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe, Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, May The Rhine legions defeat and kill Vindex in Gaul, 1 January The Rhine legions refuse to swear loyalty to Galba, 2 January Vitellius acclaimed emperor by the Rhine, 16 April Otho commits suicide; Vitellius recognised emperor, August The Danubian legions announce support to Vespasian (in Syria) and invade Italy in September on his behalf, October The Danubian army defeats Vitellius and Vespasian occupies Egypt, 20 December Vitellius killed by soldiers in the Imperial Palace, 21 December Vespasian recognized emperor, This page was last edited on 13 November 2022, at 20:48. [43][44] Gratian, who was then 15, was married in 374 to Constantius II's 13-year-old daughter Constantia at Trier. The rumors of 1160s about a German invasion in the Byzantine Empire were still remembered in the Byzantine court during Isaacs reign. The "imprisoned" legions, I Germanica and XVI Gallica, capitulated. In 378, Valens was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory. When Civilis heard that Jerusalem had fallen, and he realized that Rome would now bring its full resources to bear upon him, Civilis made peace. [65] While the Nicene Christian writers of his time identified Valens with the Arian faction and accused him of persecuting Nicene Christians, modern historians have described both Valens and Valentinian I as primarily interested in maintaining social order and have minimized their theological concerns. The name Julio-Claudian is a historiographical term, deriving from the two families composing This has puzzled historians, given that the emperor seems to have minimised government corruption/inefficiency in other areas. First, in AD 69, Galba's deputy, Otho, carried out a coup d'tat in Rome against his leader. Vespasian himself travelled to Alexandria, where he was acclaimed emperor on 1 July, thereby gaining control of the vital grain supplies from Egypt. The new emperor had little support outside of his veterans from the German legions though. A truce settled after the 371 victory held as a quasi-peace for the next five years while Shapur was forced to deal with a Kushan invasion on his eastern frontier. The first action was to set up a decoy and Civilis induced a rebellion outside of Batavia. Jovian had surrendered Rome's much disputed claim to control over Armenia in 363, and Shapur II was eager to make good on this new opportunity. The discipline was used by senior commanders in the Roman army to punish units or large groups guilty of capital offences, such as cowardice, mutiny, desertion, and insubordination, and for pacification of rebellious In the weeks following Zeno's death, crowds gathered in Constantinople chanting "Give the Empire an Orthodox Emperor! At the Roman Forum, Domitius reportedly pulled out an eye of an equestrian because the equestrian openly criticized him. The Julio-Claudian dynasty comprised the first five Roman emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero.. He met his end in the seventy-third year of his age and the seventh month of his reign. The Persian provinces also suffered severely and a peace was concluded in 506. [11] Suetonius writes that Galba was advised to take the throne following the assassination of Caligula in 41, but loyally served Caligula's uncle and successor Claudius (r. 4154); this story may simply be fictional. It was also not appreciated by the circus factions, the Blues and the Greens. These would prove to be the best arguments for his bid for power. The Revolt of the Batavi took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior between AD 69 and 70. Galba was able to ascend to the throne because Nero's death meant the end of Julio-Claudian dynasty. 'the Divine Jovian'. [17], In 368 Valentinian and Valens were consuls for the second time. The Goths fled into the Carpathian Mountains, and the campaign ended with no decisive conclusion. [42] On the 9 April 370, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale, the Church of the Holy Apostles adjoining the Mausoleum of Constantine in Constantinople was inaugurated. [35], Valens, meanwhile, faltered. [9], The Emperor's attention was next demanded in the east, where several claimants to the throne successively rose and fell. Anastasius I Dicorus (Greek: , translit. [34], Amidst these reforms, though, Anastasius continued the practice of selling official positions. [33][34] Procopius was unpopular, being compelled to increase taxes. Ouls; 328 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. In a sanguinary battle at Ad Salices, the Goths were momentarily checked,[53] and Saturninus, now Valens' lieutenant in the province, undertook a strategy of hemming them in between the lower Danube and the Euxine, hoping to starve them into surrender. The Loeb Classical Library is the only series of books which, through original text and English translation, gives access to our entire Greek and Latin heritage. Flaccus and his commanders did not want to risk a second military gaffe and decided to wait for instructions. [30] Valens' dismissal shortly before of Julian's popular minister Salutius contributed to the general disaffection and to the acceptability of a revolution. This Irene could be identified with the daughter of George Paleologus Ducas Comnenus and wife Aspae, Bagratiid Princess of Ossetia; the son of this one, Andronicus Paleologus Comnenoducas is known as gambrox (gamma alpha mu beta rho o x) of Isaac II. The book about Galba is short. [6] But Isaac was suspicious that Barbarossa wished to conquer Byzantium: the reasons for this suspicious attitude were the diplomatic contact of Frederick with the Bulgarians and the Serbians, foes of the Byzantine Empire during this period, also Barbarossa's previous feud with Manuel. [24] The Balkan provinces were denuded of troops, however, and were devastated by invasions of Slavs and Bulgars; to protect Constantinople and its vicinity against them, the emperor built the Anastasian Wall, extending from the Propontis to the Black Sea. However, Otho's initial efforts to restore peace and stability were soon checked by the revelation that Vitellius had declared himself Imperator in Germania and had dispatched half of his army to march on Italy. [5] Gaius Stern claims that the Eastern expedition is actually that of Germanicus in AD 1719, if one assumes his birth to be in 2 BC and still interpret the violent actions to belong to Nero's father.[6]. [18] The first wife of Isaac II is usually considered to be a Byzantine noblewoman of unknown name. For other uses, see, unknown, killed in battle near Hadrianopolis, Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, From the fourth century onwards, emperors and other high-profile men bore the name "Flavius", the, sfn error: no target: CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris (, Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG, Auction 125, ancient Rome The reign of Valentinian and Valens, "The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians", The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valens&oldid=1121518441, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2022, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 November 2022, at 18:41. [30] Under Constantius II (r.337361), Procopius had been tribunus et notarius from 358, and under Julian he had become comes primi ordinis. Domitius was wealthy, but apparently he and Agrippina chose to live between Antium and Rome. At this juncture, the Roman Empire was convulsed by its first major civil war for a century, the Year of the Four Emperors. His successor Theodosius I made Nicene Christianity the state religion of Rome and suppressed the Arians. His niece Eudokia Angelina was married to Stefan, son of Stefan Nemanja of Serbia. [citation needed] They were regarded by the Romans as the best and bravest (fortissimi, validissimi) of their auxiliary, and indeed of all their forces. He became the founder of the stable Flavian dynasty, which succeeded the Julio-Claudians. [36], "Anastasios I" redirects here. The senate, as soon as it was allowed to do so, voted him a statue standing upon a column adorned with the beaks of ships, in the part of the Forum where he was slain; but Vespasian annulled this decree, believing that Galba had sent assassins from Spain to Judaea, to take his life. The painting by Rembrandt at the top of this page is part of that view of the Revolt of the Batavi. Eight Roman legions; 40,000. After this success, Civilis went to Colonia Agrippina (Cologne) and set up camp there. The discipline was used by senior commanders in the Roman army to punish units or large groups guilty of capital offences, such as cowardice, mutiny, desertion, and insubordination, and for pacification of rebellious [11][12] Another nephew of Anastasius was Flavius Probus, consul in 502. In Gaul, Galba executed Betuus Cilo, who as governor of Aquitania had fought Vindex. A follis coin has been found in the Charjou desert, north of the River Oxus. From here, Ammianus gives two accounts of Valens' demise. Civilis was not going to wait until they were fully prepared and launched a surprise attack. The newly installed emperor, the former Governor of Spain Galba, was murdered after just a few months by his rival, Otho, triggering a civil war that came to be known as the Year of the Four Emperors. Additionally, the legions I Adiutrix and VI Victrix were summoned from Hispania and XIV Gemina from Britannia. The decisive move came from Nymphidius Sabinus, deputy prefect of the Praetorian Guard, who convinced his men to abandon Nero, by promising that Galba would give each of them 30,000 sesterces (equivalent to 10 years of wages), while he expected to be rewarded by the new emperor. Peace talks followed. "[25], Suetonius went on to say that Galba was visited by the Roman Goddess Fortuna in his dreams twice, on the latter occasion she "withdrew her support". [14], Following the death of Zeno (491), there is strong evidence that many Roman citizens wanted an emperor who was an Orthodox Christian and a Roman proper. On the day of Galba's murder, the Senate recognized Otho as emperor. In 1189 the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa sought and obtained permission to lead his troops on the Third Crusade through the Byzantine Empire. Hiestand, Rudolf, 'Die Erste Ehe Isaaks II Angelus und Seine Kinder', This page was last edited on 2 July 2022, at 19:44. Nero then committed assisted suicide with help from his secretary. Flaccus ordered the V Alaudae and the XV Primigenia legions to deal with the rebels. Bury, a noted historian of the period, provides a specific interpretation on the significance of the battle: it was "a disaster and disgrace that need not have occurred."[59]. The currency created by Anastasius stayed in use and circulated widely for long after his reign. [7] Before becoming emperor, Anastasius was a particularly successful administrator in the department of finance. But others affirm that having put off his imperial robe he ran into the midst of the main body of infantry; and that when the cavalry revolted and refused to engage, the infantry were surrounded by the barbarians, and completely destroyed in a body. [3] Andronikos was a capable ruler in some ways but was hated for his cruelty and his efforts to keep the aristocracy obedient. The Flavians rose to power during the civil war of 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors.After Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in mid 69. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout He was the first emperor in the Year of the Four Emperors and assumed the throne following Emperor Nero's suicide. [14][20], Upon becoming emperor, Galba was faced by the rebellion of Nymphidius Sabinus, who had his own aspirations for the imperial throne. Although negotiations were attempted, these broke down when a Roman unit sallied forth and carried both sides into battle. [2] After five years, the Isaurian resistance was broken; large numbers of Isaurians were forcibly relocated to Thrace, to ensure that they would not revolt again. To these brigands, each with his different vice, he so entrusted and handed himself over as their tool, that his conduct was far from consistent; for now he was more exacting and niggardly, and now more extravagant and reckless than became a prince chosen by the people and of his time of life. Backing Vitellius were the finest legions of the Empire, composed of veterans of the Germanic Wars, such as I Germanica and XXI Rapax. [16], During Procopius's insurrection, the Gothic king Ermanaric, who ruled a powerful kingdom north of the Danube from the Euxine to the Baltic Sea,[38] had engaged to supply him with troops for the struggle against Valens. The city remained very skeptical when Vitellius chose the anniversary of the Battle of the Allia (in 390 BC), a day of bad auspices according to Roman superstition, to accede to the office of Pontifex Maximus. After eight years of captivity, Isaac II was raised from the dungeon to the throne once more[6] after the arrival of the Fourth Crusade and the flight of Alexios III from the capital. Meanwhile, Flaccus decided to wait for the result of the war in Italy. [16], According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Valens's son Valentinianus Galates was born on 18 January 366. [2], The end of Nero's reign (5468) was marked by political trials and plots, such as the Pisonian conspiracy in 65, showing the disenchantment of the senatorial elite towards the Emperor. As emperor, Valens continually faced threats both internal and external. [13], During the first half of October, Galba finally completed his journey to Rome, which was described by Tacitus as "a long and bloody march",[14] because of the officials he had murdered on his way and also for the massacre he committed on the Milvian Bridge, just before the city. This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. After a brief stay aimed at building his troop strength and gaining a toehold in Thrace, Valens moved out to Adrianople. [31] Meanwhile, his nephew and future heir Justinian engrossed himself in the life of Constantinople. This work, produced by Valens' secretary Eutropius, and known by the name Breviarium ab Urbe condita, tells the story of Rome from its founding. [3] With the army closing in, Anastasius gave Vitalian the title of Commander of the Army of Thrace and began communicating with the Pope regarding a potential end to the Acacian schism. He was aware of Roman military tactics which gave him ideas on how to defeat them. Some Roman trading partners attempted to replicate the coins of Anastasius. But he elected to support Galbascion of a republican patrician family claiming descent from Jupiter and Pasiphaewho was recognized as emperor by the Senate. Avitus had two sons, Agricola (fl 455 living 507, a vir illustris) and Ecdicius Avitus (later patricius and magister militum under Emperor Julius Nepos) and a daughter Papianilla; she married Sidonius Apollinaris, whose letters and panegyrics remain an After the Batavi regiments were withdrawn from Britain in 66, Civilis and his brother (also a prefect) were arrested by the governor of Germania Inferior on false accusations of treason. Moreover, X Gemina would be stationed close by, to secure peace. [22], Under Anastasius the Eastern Roman Empire engaged in the Isaurian War against the usurper Longinus and the Anastasian War against Sassanid Persia. Maurice was born in Arabissus in Cappadocia in 539. In the summer following his Gothic settlement, Valens sent his magister peditum (Master of Foot) Arinthaeus to support Pap. Diocletian's official birthday was recorded at 22 December, and his year of birth has been [10] He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper Procopius in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the Danube in 367 and 369. [12], A rebellion against Nero was orchestrated by Gaius Julius Vindex in Gaul on the anniversary of the death of Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, in 68. In his stead, Valens imposed another Arsacid, Varasdates (Varazdat), who ruled under the regency of the sparapet Mushegh Mamikonian, a friend of Rome. In an Italian edition of the chronicle of Nicetas Choniates "Greatness and catastrophe of Byzantium" can be found an interesting note to the XIV Book. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (/ k l j l /), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41.He was the son of the popular Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina the Elder.Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman [23][24], The Isaurian War (492497) was stirred up by the Isaurian supporters of Longinus, the brother of Zeno, who was passed over for the throne in favour of Anastasius. With no prospect of a relief, the commander of the troops, Munius Lupercus, decided to surrender. A career civil servant, he came to the throne at the age of 61 after being chosen by the wife of his predecessor, Zeno.His reign was characterised by reforms and improvements in the government, finances, economy, and bureaucracy of the Empire. Most fortified cities on the Appian Way, Domitius was the first battle of.! To pacify other parts of these legions were deployed to pacify other parts of raids. At Nisibis in check had the confidence of Rome and committed suicide because the emperor,. A stop at Dadastana were attempted, these broke down when a Roman sallied. Goths who put it to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Valens considered abdication and perhaps even suicide later murdered by surprise! Moderation and chastity in his continued manipulation of the Five Good emperors on 27...., along with Lucius and impaled their heads on poles. [ 22 ], died. Becoming emperor, managed to persuade the I Germanica was disbanded and its inhabitants to! 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